International Journal for Autism Challenges & Solution
International Journal for Autism Challenges & Solution (IJACS) is a peer-reviewed scientific journal dedicated to advancing research, intervention, and support in the field of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It serves as a vital platform for researchers, clinicians, educators, and professionals within the autism community to share insights, develop innovative approaches, and contribute to the growing body of knowledge surrounding autism.
Blood Lead Level, Urinary Porphobilinogen and Serum Acetylcholine in Nigerian Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Case-Control Study
Purpose: Autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a common neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by communication and behavioral deficits, remains a subject of unknown etiology. However, the interplay of heavy metal toxicity and altered neurotransmission have been implicated in the development of ASD. Therefore, this study examined blood lead level (BLL), serum acetylcholine (ACh), and urine porphobilinogen (PBG) levels in Nigerian children with ASD. Methods: Forty participants aged 3 to 12 years were recruited, including 14 children diagnosed with ASD (cases), 13 children with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs) excluding ASD (positive controls), and 13 neurotypical children (negative controls). BLL was measured using atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS), while serum ACh and urinary PBG levels were assessed using ELISA and modified Mauzerall-Granick methods, respectively. Results: The study revealed no significant difference in BLL between the cases and controls. However, urinary PBG levels were significantly higher cases (4.03 ± 0.57 µmol/mmol creatinine) compared to negative controls (3.29 ± 0.46 µmol/mmol creatinine). Additionally, the study found significantly lower serum ACh levels in the cases (588.55 ± 239.09 pg/mL) and positive controls (439.10 ± 260.69 pg/mL) compared to the negative controls (843.19 ± 339.63 pg/mL). Importantly, no significant correlation was found between BLL, PBG, and ACh. Conclusion: The study findings suggest potential chronic metal toxicity and altered cholinergic neurotransmission may play a role in the etiology of ASD. Further research is needed to explore the specific mechanism.
Copyright (c) 2025 International Journal for Autism Challenges & Solution
Resilience Building Strategies in Autism Research: A Capabilities Resilience and Inclusion Model
The lack of inclusion and engagement of people with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) in the workplace is a key resilience building and sustainability challenge. Despite current research advocating for a range of models and practical interventions such as Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR), ecosystem, strengths-based and nanotechnological approaches, the resilience problem faced by people with autism continues. Additionally, while Autism Work Peer Support Group (AWPSG) programs may deliver local governments’ cost-efficiencies and help in strategizing resource value maximization, the support strategies provided for people with autism remain inadequate. This resilience gap in autism research is addressed by drawing on twenty-four jobseekers and two Disability Employment Advisors’ focus group data from one Department of Work and Pensions branch, UK. The results comprised of survey responses in which participants highlighted the benefits of making friends, developing increased confidence in their skills, being optimistic about finding and retaining employment. These were used to develop the study’s key contribution: a practical model referred to as ‘Capabilities Resilience and Inclusion Model’ (CRIM). The model comprises a four-stage set of actions that provide
Linking Sensory Processing and Fine Motor Function to Daily Living Skills: A Comparative Study Among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Down Syndrome and Typically Developing Peers
Purpose: This study examined the relationship of sensory processing and fine motor abilities with daily living skills (DLS) among children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), Down syndrome (DS), and typical development (TD) in Malaysia. Understanding these relationships can inform culturally relevant and effective rehabilitation approaches. Methods: A comparative cross-sectional design was employed with 120 children aged 5–6 years (40 ASD, 40 DS, 40 TD). Sensory processing was assessed using the Short Sensory Profile–2 (SSP-2), while fine motor skills and DLS were measured using the Vineland Adaptive Behavior Scales, Third Edition (VABS-3). Group differences were analyzed using the Kruskal-Wallis test, and relationships among domains were examined with Spearman’s correlations. Results: Significant group differences were observed across sensory, fine motor, and adaptive domains (p < .001). Children with ASD demonstrated the greatest sensory modulation difficulties, while those with DS showed milder but distinctive under-responsive patterns. TD children exhibited the best performance across all measures. Fine motor skills were strongly associated with DLS in all groups (ρ = .907, p < .01). Among children with ASD, all sensory quadrants were significantly correlated with DLS (ρ = .722–.908, p < .001), indicating a strong sensory-functional link. Conclusions: Sensory and fine motor domains contribute differently to adaptive functioning (DLS) across diagnoses. Early, integrated sensory-motor interventions may enhance daily independence, particularly for children with ASD. These findings provide culturally specific evidence to guide pediatric rehabilitation practice in Malaysia.
A Potential Link between Gut Leakiness and Sex Differences in Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)
Background: Autism is categorized as autism spectrum disorder (ASD), characterized by recurrent behaviors and difficulties with social communication that can affect different body systems and are linked to gut microbiota dysbiosis (GM). The importance of altered GM in autistic people, the ways in which these changes could result in leaky gut, and the possible connection between sex differences and this problem are all highlighted in this paper. Main body: Research indicates that increased intestinal barrier permeability may play a significant role in the pathological changes seen in autism; it makes it easier for gut-derived endotoxins to enter the brain, where they activate the TLR4–MyD88–NF-κB signaling cascade and create an inflammatory environment. There have been differences found in the amounts of various bacterial metabolites, such as beta cresol, short-chain fatty acids, lipopolysaccharides, and bacterial toxins, in the blood and urine of children with autism. Additionally, the importance of particular proteins like zonulin, lysozyme, and calprotectin as biomarkers that can detect the leaky gut in ASD at an early stage has been shown. Bacterial metabolite leakage in these patients may be explained by disruption of the gut blood–brain barrier. As a result, a number of microbiota manipulation techniques have been developed to balance out sex differences. Male ASD sufferers are four times as likely as female ASD sufferers. Additionally, in both human and animal models of this illness, such as the maternal immune activation (MIA) mice model, the composition of GM is dependent on sex. However, very few studies have taken sex's biological impact into account when assessing how GM affects symptoms of ASD. MIA increases pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines in the mother, such as interleukin, IL-6, and IL-17α, which interfere with the development of the fetal brain. According to recent studies, MIA causes GM dysbiosis. This is significant because the GM, which lives in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract, contributes to the development of the immunological, neurological, and metabolic systems through the microbiota-gut-brain axis, resulting in characteristics that resemble ASD in the MIA model.Research exploring the impact of GM on ASD etiology primarily focuses on men, ignoring the recipient's and donor's sex/gender, even though biological distinctions linked to sex, GM, and leaky gut have been discovered to be correlated with each other. In the MIA model, sex-mediated gut-immune interactions were found in the few research that take into account the biological impact of sex.The limited studies that consider the biological effect of sex revealed sex-mediated gut-immune interactions in the MIA model. Conclusion: Given that many people with autism have gastrointestinal problems, this review emphasizes the possible link between ASD and GM. The involvement of altered GM in autistic people, how these changes result in leaky gut, and the possible connection between leaky gut and sex differences are all covered. Furthermore, this study offers a number of promising therapeutic therapies, including as intestinal proteins, some probiotics, and chemicals derived from bacteria, as novel approaches to reestablish a healthy GM.
Vestibular Stimulation Promotes Neuroplasticity in the Auditory Cortex in a Group of Children with Speech Delay
The article presents the results of a study on the impact of vestibular stimulation on the neuroplasticity of the auditory cortex and language development in preschool children with speech delay (SD). Such issues in children aged 4–7 years are among the primary challenges in speech therapy and neuropsychology. The study involved 40 children aged 4 to 7 years with speech delay (SD), divided into an experimental group and a control group. Assessments included standard electroencephalography (EEG), the standardized Peabody Picture Vocabulary Test (PPVT), and the Expressive Vocabulary Test (EVT). Data were analyzed using the t-test and analysis of variance (ANOVA). After 12 weeks, the experimental group demonstrated statistically significant improvements in speech skills (p < 0.05), including a 25% increase in receptive vocabulary, a 30% increase in spontaneous language use, and improved grammatical structures. Neurophysiological data indicated a 15% increase in auditory cortex activity, a 10% reduction in the P1 component, and a 20% increase in the amplitude of the P300 component, compared to the control group. Vestibular stimulation proved to be an effective method for enhancing auditory cortex neuroplasticity and speech development in SD children.
Network Pharmacology and Molecular Docking Reveal Multi-Target Mechanisms of Luteolin Against Autism Spectrum Disorder
Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a complex neurodevelopmental condition influenced by genetic, metabolic, and neuroinflammatory mechanisms. Luteolin, a dietary flavonoid with anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties, has recently gained attention as a potential adjunct therapy for ASD. However, its molecular mechanisms remain insufficiently explored. This study employed a network pharmacology framework to identify putative molecular targets of luteolin in ASD. Targets were predicted using SwissTargetPrediction and intersected with ASD-related genes retrieved from GeneCards (relevance score >1). Protein–protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using STRING and analyzed via Cytoscape and CytoHubba to determine key hub genes. Functional enrichment was performed using GO and KEGG analyses. Representative hub proteins including CA4, MET, DRD4, AKT1, and IGF1R from major ASD-related pathways were further validated through CB-Dock molecular docking. A total of 39 overlapping targets were identified. Hub nodes (AKT1, SRC, ESR1, GSK3B, PTGS2, MMP9, PARP1, IGF1R, AR, ESR2) were strongly enriched in pathways central to ASD pathology, including nitrogen metabolism, dopaminergic synapse, HIF-1 signaling, adherens junction, and PI3K–Akt signaling. Molecular docking confirmed strong ligand–protein interactions, with binding energies ranging from −7.7 to −9.8 kcal/mol, indicating favorable affinity particularly with AKT1 (−9.8 kcal/mol), DRD4 (−8.9 kcal/mol), and IGF1R (−8.3 kcal/mol). This integrative analysis suggests that luteolin exerts multitarget effects relevant to ASD through modulation of synaptic signaling, oxidative stress, inflammatory pathways, and excitatory/inhibitory neurotransmission. These findings provide mechanistic support for luteolin as a potential complementary therapeutic agent for ASD and justify further in clinical investigations.
Effective Strategies for Developing Attention Span in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder
This study examines the effect of the Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS) on a child's attention span, communication skills, and behavioral changes in children with ASD at the Abu Dhabi Autism Centre. The research employed a mixed-method approach by observing six children quantitatively for four months and then qualitatively interviewing the children’s parents and teachers. Results showed that PECS significantly shrunk task completion time and lowered variability in performance related to higher attention and more task engagement. Qualitative results showed participants' responses with improved communication skills, decreased negative behavior, and increased attention spans, mainly using visual stimuli. However, consistent usage of PECS at home and individual variable responses were noted. This study emphasizes the necessity of using suitably tailored interventions, delivery across environments, and use of highly preferred reinforcers when implementing PECS. These findings add to the growing body of research on autism interventions in non-Western contexts to help educators and families in the UAE. Research into ways of overcoming implementation challenges and increasing the sample to include children with differing ASD severity and co-occurring conditions is suggested for future research.
Picture Exchange Communication System (PECS)
Improving Social Communication Level for Mildly Autistic Children Using Video Call-Based Mobile Application Game
Mildly autistic children lack effective social communication skills, making it crucial to utilize modern technology to elevate their social communication and help them blend in with their community. This study improved social communication skills for preschool children aged 4-6 with mild autism by using a mobile application game that relies on video conferencing technology, personalized experience, positive reinforcement, and an AI text-to-speech algorithm. A survey filled out by 2,536 autistic individuals and medical professionals optimized the application's UI/UX to their likings. After the implementation of the application, an experiment was conducted with two groups: 300 participants who used the application for 12 weeks (1 hour daily) and a control group of 100 who did not use the application. The effectiveness of the application in improving social communication with consideration for gender and demographic areas was tested. Both groups were assessed before and after the experiment using the standard Social Communication Questionnaire. The results of an unpaired t-test indicated a significant difference in social communication between the experimental group and the control group with a P-value of 0.0001. An unpaired t-test found no significant difference in social communication levels between participants from urban or rural regions, nor between male or female participants. This concluded that the application is an effective tool to improve social communication skills for mildly autistic children all around the country three times more than regular therapy, regardless of their gender or socioeconomic background, taking the first step towards the formation of a global network for mildly autistic children.
Effects of GABA Supplementation on Grooming Behavior and Social Interaction in a Propionic Acid-Induced Rat Model of Autism
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental condition characterized by impaired social communication and repetitive behaviors. Propionic acid (PPA)-induced rodent models are commonly used to study ASD-like behaviors and evaluate potential therapies. This study investigated the therapeutic potential of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) supplementation in mitigating PPA-induced behavioral deficits. Methods: Forty male Western Albino rats were divided into four groups: control, PPA-treated, GABA-treated, and PPA-GABA-treated. Behavioral assessments were conducted using the three-chamber social test to evaluate social interaction and repetitive behaviors. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s post-hoc test. Results: PPA administration significantly impaired social interaction without causing significant changes in repetitive grooming behaviors compared to the control group, as evidenced by reduced time spent in the social chamber and increased time in the object chamber. GABA supplementation significantly improved social interaction, while causing a slight but non-significant increase in repetitive grooming behaviors. Conclusion: GABA supplementation demonstrated partial therapeutic effects in mitigating the social deficits induced by PPA administration in a rodent model of ASD. However, the observed increase in grooming behavior highlights the complex role of GABA in modulating ASD-like symptoms, suggesting the need for further investigation into its dual behavioral effects.
Developing an AI-Driven Mobile Application for Early Autism Diagnosis and Classification
This dissertation looks at the important issue of delaying diagnosis and treatment in autism spectrum disorder (ASD) by creating a mobile app that uses AI to help with early diagnosis and classification of the disorder. It collects and reviews large datasets that include behavioral evaluations, developmental milestones, and known diagnostic standards, training an AI model able to make correct predictions about ASD. The main results show that the app not only speeds up diagnosis but also improves classification accuracy compared to standard diagnostic methods. These findings highlight the importance of using advanced technology in healthcare, especially for ASD, where early intervention is key to positive developmental results. Additionally, this study points out how AI tools can help fill gaps in healthcare delivery, especially in areas with fewer resources and access to specialized care. The implications go beyond just autism diagnosis, indicating a significant potential for AI use in different healthcare fields, aiming to enhance diagnostic processes and customize treatment plans, thus ultimately boosting patient outcomes and supporting public health efforts.
Implications of Resources and support centers to enhance autism disorder treatment
This dissertation looks into how resources and support centers affect treatment results for people with autism disorder, emphasizing which resources help improve therapy. Using a mixed-methods approach, the research gathered both qualitative and quantitative data about how accessible and useful different resources are, along with treatment outcomes for various groups. The main findings show that having access to specialized support centers is strongly linked to better treatment results, especially when included in overall care plans. Furthermore, resources like family support programs and educational workshops were found to be key elements that increase therapy effectiveness. These results highlight the importance for healthcare systems to focus on providing and improving autism treatment resources to enhance patient care. By presenting solid evidence of the positive roles that specific support systems play, this research adds to the ongoing conversation about autism treatment success and resource use. It suggests that investing in support centers can lead to significant improvements in health outcomes for those with autism. In the end, this study calls for a change in how we treat autism, encouraging a model that supports cooperation among healthcare providers, families, and community resources to build a more unified and supportive environment for individuals impacted by autism disorder.
The Role of Oxytocin in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Current Evidence and Therapeutic Implications
Oxytocin (OXT) is a neuropeptide implicated in social functioning, with potential therapeutic relevance in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This review synthesizes current literature on OXT's effects in ASD, focusing on clinical trials, neurobiological mechanisms, and future directions. Studies highlight OXT's immediate impact on social cognition in typically developing adults and its variable outcomes in children with ASD. Neuroimaging findings elucidate OXT's effects on brain networks involved in social-emotional processing. Challenges, including individual variability and translational gaps, underscore the crucial role of personalized approaches in OXT research. Combining OXT with behavior therapy and probiotics shows promise. Future research should address gender differences, genetic influences, and long-term outcomes, emphasizing the importance of personalized approaches in OXT-based therapies.
Copyright (c) 2024 International Journal for Autism Challenges & Solution
The Role of Artificial Intelligence in Enhancing Identification of Autism in Children Through Motor Abnormalities
The research reported in this paper provides a systematic validation and illustrations of the potential of the non-invasive, sensor-less, Kinect-based temporal gait signal data in objective quantification and widely applicable objective identification of motor abnormalities in children with autism, a multidimensional neurodevelopmental disorder. This indicator, when verified and validated through more extensive work with a larger and representative sample, has the potential for an innovative and widely applicable objective identification tool to be utilized early on in routine pediatric and family practice for effective and timely referral for further comprehensive clinical and developmental evaluations from developmental teenage or older pediatric care to adulthood. Our findings and results lay the foundation for the next steps and development of predictive measurements and innovative optimal treatment personalization informed by creating innovative age group models that can enhance the everyday life experiences and long-term welfare of individuals with autism throughout various childhood stages, and for further enforceable legal and ethical person-protected international global appropriate use. The demands on healthcare and social services for young and older children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD), a multidimensional neurodevelopmental disorder, are continually increasing and pose substantial challenges for the family, school, medical, and social services. Community-based timely detection and identification of the potential treatment-elicited motor abnormalities, using a non-invasive technology that needs no physical dependency on the participants and trained staff who conduct the optimal data processing, is essential to further inform a timely, effective, and individualized behavioral interventions program pursued collaboratively by the family, early intervention specialists, and the child.
GABAergic Dysregulation in Autism Spectrum Disorder: Collaborative Insights on Neurobiological Complexity
This paper synthesizes insights from two collaborative studies investigating GABAergic dysregulation in autism spectrum disorder (ASD). The study by Al-Otaish et al. (2018) explored amino acid profiles in 40 male children with ASD, revealing elevated GABA levels and altered glutamate/glutamine ratios. In parallel, El-Ansary et al. (2021) focused on GABAergic dysfunction and apoptotic markers in a cohort of 20 ASD children. Both studies underscored GABA's pivotal role in ASD neurobiology, emphasizing its potential as a diagnostic biomarker. ASD, characterized by intricate genetic, environmental, and neurobiological factors, exhibits a heterogeneous landscape. The reduction in plasma GABA levels, concurrent with heightened apoptotic markers, implicates GABAergic dysregulation in synaptic pathologies, offering novel insights into the disorder's complexity. Despite methodological limitations and modest sample sizes, these findings contribute significantly to understanding GABAergic function in ASD. Future research should prioritize larger cohorts, diverse demographics, and refined methodologies to enhance generalizability. Integrating GABAergic insights into a broader neurobiological framework, the precision medicine approach holds promise for personalized interventions. This collaborative effort advances the comprehension of GABAergic dysregulation in ASD, contributing to a mosaic of knowledge vital for navigating this heterogeneous neurodevelopmental disorder.
The relative usefulness of the identification and analysis of biomarkers for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorders in early childhood and the implementation of personalized precision medicine
Despite progress towards understanding the etiological mechanisms of autism spectrum disorder (ASD), efficient treatment strategy for the primary clinically presented autistic features remain elusive. Up to the heterogeneity and complex nature of ASD, clinical presentation differ in severity and usually accompanied with multiple comorbidities, including gastrointestinal (GI) problems, sleep disturbances, epilepsy, and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Discovery of biomarkers of ASD is essential not only for clarifying the clinical features of this disorder but also as an primary diagnostic implement that could help to tailor early interventions. Therefore, this review describes the core areas of ASD biomarker research, including GABAergic/glutamatergic imbalance, mitochondrial dysfunction, hyperserotonemia, and impaired gut microbiota, all of which have demonstrated success in diagnosing ASD and could serve as targets for implementing personalized precision medicine. Additionally, this review includes accomplishment that focus on the importance of precision medicine and the current trials that make use of ASD biomarkers detection.
Maternal Immune Activation and Autism Spectrum Disorder: Complex Interactions and Therapeutic Possibilities
This review examines the intricate association between maternal immune activation (MIA) and autism spectrum disorder (ASD), emphasizing the impact of maternal infections during pregnancy. Epidemiological studies link viral and bacterial infections to an elevated risk of ASD, revealing the complex interplay between environmental factors and neurodevelopmental outcomes. Immunological mechanisms, including cytokine dysregulation and neuroinflammation, involve key players such as interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha, influencing fetal brain development and ASD risk. Genetic and environmental interactions contribute to individual susceptibility, with specific variants influencing MIA's impact on ASD risk. Epigenetic modifications provide a molecular link between environmental exposures, including MIA, and enduring neurodevelopmental changes. Recognizing critical periods during fetal neurodevelopment susceptible to MIA is crucial. Long-term studies highlight enduring consequences on behavior and cognition into childhood and adolescence. Exploring potential therapeutic interventions, including immunomodulatory strategies during pregnancy, offers hope for mitigating MIA's impact on ASD outcomes. Despite progress, knowledge gaps persist, motivating future research guided by emerging technologies and interdisciplinary approaches to unravel the intricate MIA-ASD relationship.
Nanotechnology - an innovative approach to cope with the distinctive challenges linked with Autism Spectrum Disorder
The brain stands out as the most intricate organ in the human body, governing cognitive, behavioral, and emotional functions. It is susceptible to various diseases, ranging from injuries to cancers and neurodegenerative conditions, making brain disorders a significant cause of disability and mortality. Overcoming challenges such as delivery, specificity, and toxicity has been a persistent issue in developing drugs that enhance brain structure and function, especially those that can traverse the complex barriers surrounding the brain. Nanotechnology represents a groundbreaking approach to address the unique challenges associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). One significant challenge in ASD is early and accurate diagnosis. Nanotechnology can contribute to the development of highly sensitive and specific diagnostic tools, enabling the identification of biomarkers associated with ASD at an earlier stage. These nanoscale devices may facilitate a more precise understanding of the underlying biological mechanisms, leading to improved diagnostic capabilities. In terms of intervention, nanotechnology can enhance drug delivery systems, allowing for the more targeted and efficient administration of medications. This targeted drug delivery can potentially mitigate side effects while maximizing the therapeutic impact, addressing some of the challenges in managing the diverse symptoms of ASD. Despite the promising potential of nanotechnology in addressing ASD challenges, it is essential to approach these innovations with ethical considerations, ensuring that the benefits are accessible and equitable for individuals with ASD. Ongoing research and collaboration between experts in nanotechnology and autism can lead to transformative advancements in understanding, diagnosing, and managing ASD. This review delves into the application of nanotechnology in diagnosing and treating ASD and shedding light on the promising role of nanoparticles.
العلاج المعرفي السلوكي كمدخل لخفض بعض الأعراض المصاحبة لاضطراب طيف التوحد دراسة مراجعة منهجية
يعاني الأطفال والمراهقين ذوي اضطراب طيف التوحد العديد من الاضطرابات المصاحبة كالقلق والوسواس القهري والاكتئاب وصعوبات التفاعل الاجتماعي والصعوبات في تفهم مشاعر الأخرين وتفسيرها والقدرة علي التكيف الاجتماعي والمهني ...إلخ، وفي السنوات الأخيرة برز العلاج المعرفي السلوكي CBT كمدخل واعد للتغلب علي العديد من الاضطرابات سواء لدي العاديين أو ممن يعانون من الاضطرابات النمائية العصبية وفي مقدمتهم أفراد اضطراب طيف التوحد؛ لذا اهتمت الدراسة الحالية بإجراء مسح للدراسات التي وظفت العلاج المعرفي السلوكي في علاج التوحد والاضطرابات المصاحبة له، وقد تم إجراء مسح للدراسات في الفترة الزمنية من 2010 – 2022م باستخدام مجموعة محددة من الكلمات المفتاحية، أدي ذلك لتجميع عدد (137) دراسة، تم بعد ذلك إخضاع هذه الدراسات للفحص الدقيق وفقا لمجموعة من المعايير مما أدي لتقلصها إلي (11) دراسة خضعت للتحليل الكيفي المنهجي، بالإضافة إلي استخراج مؤشراتها الإحصائية، وقد توصلت الدراسة إلي فاعلية العلاج المعرفي السلوكي في خفض أعراض القلق وما يرتبط به من أعراض ثانوية وفي خفض أعراض الوسواس القهري وتنمية المهارات الاجتماعية والجوانب الانفعالية العاطفية وأكدت علي الدور الفعال الذي يلعبه العلاج المعرفي السلوكي بشكل عام في مجال اضطراب طيف التوحد.