Vol. 1 No. 1 (2024): International Journal of Civilizations Studies & Tolerance Sciences
Articles

Managing Multi-Ethnicity in China, Challenges at Home and Abroad

PDF
  • Badr Kasimi,
  • Abdelmajid Boukir

Published 2024-05-13

Keywords

  • Multi-Ethnicity,
  • China,
  • peace,
  • Coexistence

How to Cite

Managing Multi-Ethnicity in China, Challenges at Home and Abroad. (2024). International Journal of Civilizations Studies & Tolerance Sciences, 1(1), 32-43. https://doi.org/10.54878/e1vg2b66

Abstract

China is unique compared to ancient civilizations due to its 3000-year written history that witnessed the succession of many dynasties, beside its geographic extent, which borders 14 countries. The vast geographic size of China on the Asian continent led some to say that Asia is more Chinese than China is Asian. This was due in part to the political authoritarianism imposed by spreading Confucianism throughout the Asian continent. While China represented the edge of the heart of the world in the theory of Mackinder, the present day says that it is gradually moving towards the center. Politically, China is considered one of the last strongholds of communism in its Chinese version, with a one-party system (the Chinese Communist Party) still in place. The claim that China is a communist state does not deny the existence of capitalist features that are coupled with the state-directed economy, where the state controls about 65% of production. Socially, China is known for its diversity of races and ethnicities, with 56 ethnic groups in which the Han ethnicity dominates with about 1.286 billion people, which is 91.11% of the country's population of approximately 1.411 billion people as announced in May 2021. The rest of the population is distributed among 55 minorities. These minorities vary between Muslims, Christians, Buddhists, Taoists, Tibetans, and others, including 10 Muslim minorities. 

PDF

References

  1. Allès, É., Chérif-Chebbi, L., & Halfon, C.-H. (2001). L’islam chinois, unité et fragmentation. Archives de sciences sociales des religions, juillet-septembre 2001(115), 15‑47. https://doi.org/10.4000/assr.18153
  2. Brodsky, A. E. (2009). Multiple Psychological Senses of Community in Afghan Context : Exploring Commitment and Sacrifice in an Underground Resistance Community. American Journal of Community Psychology, 44(3‑4), 176‑187. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10464-009-9274-4
  3. Chowdhury, S. K. (2015). THE HEARTLAND THEORY OF SIR HALFORD JOHN MACKINDER: JUSTIFICATION OF FOREIGN POLICY OF THE UNITED STATES AND RUSSIA IN CENTRAL ASIA. Journal of Liberty and International Affairs, Vol. 1(N° 2). https://e-jlia.com/papers/v2_5.pdf
  4. Connor, W. (1984). The National Question in Marxist-Leninist Theory and Strategy (Princeton University Press).
  5. Croizier, R. (1981). The Crimes of the Gang of Four : A Chinese Artist’s Version: Notes and Comments. Pacific Affairs, 54(2), 311. https://doi.org/10.2307/2757367
  6. David, B. (1998). Le rôle des mythes d’origine dans la représentation des ethnicités Han1 et Zhuang en Chine du sud. Journal des anthropologues, 72‑73, 81‑92. https://doi.org/10.4000/jda.2700
  7. Dillon, M. (2001). Religious minorities and China. Minority Rights Group International. https://www.refworld.org/pdfid/469cbf8e0.pdf
  8. Dreyer, J. T. (1976). China’s forty millions :minority nationalities and national integration in the People’s Republic of China. Harvard University Press.
  9. Frank, D. (1992). The Discourse of Race in Modern China (C. Hurst&Co). Hong Kong University Press. http://www.frankdikotter.com/publications/discourse-of-race.pdf
  10. Gladney, D. C. (1996). Muslim Chinese : Ethnic Nationalism in the People’s Republic (2e éd., Vol. 149). Harvard University Asia Center. https://doi.org/10.2307/j.ctt1tg5gkz
  11. Gladney, D. D. (1995). China’s Ethnic Reawakening. Asia Pacific Issues, 18. https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/b5b85f04-61fe-4e99-a98f-50d0a948c9a7/content
  12. Gordon, M. M. (1966). ASSIMILATION IN AMERICAN LIFE. Oxford University Press.
  13. Gustafsson, B., & Sai, D. (2006). Villages where China’s Ethnic Minorities Live. DISCUSSION PAPER SERIES, IZA DP, 2418, 41. https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=947066
  14. Han Dynasty—HISTORY. (s. d.). Consulté 7 mars 2023, à l’adresse https://www.history.com/topics/ancient-china/han-dynasty
  15. Harding, H. (1993). The Concept of « Greater China » : Themes, Variations and Reservations. The China Quarterly, 136, 660‑686. http://www.jstor.org/stable/655587
  16. Howell, A. (2020). Minimum wage impacts on Han-minority Workers’ wage distribution and inequality in urban china. Journal of Urban Economics, 115. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jue.2019.103184
  17. Huang, F., Shi, K., Zhou, M., Stathi, S., & Vezzali, L. (2020). Can interethnic contact between majority (Han) and minority (Uyghur) people in China influence sense of Chinese national Community? The role of positive and negative direct, extended and vicarious intergroup contact. International Journal of Intercultural Relations, 77, 125‑139. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijintrel.2020.05.008
  18. Kaiman, J. (2014, septembre 2). Chinese authorities offer cash to promote interethnic marriages. The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/sep/02/chinese-authorties-cash-inter-ethnic-marriages-uighur-minority
  19. Loh, P. P. Y. (1966). The Politics of Chiang Kai-shek : A Reappraisal. The Journal of Asian Studies, 25(3), 431‑451. https://doi.org/10.2307/2052000
  20. Loh, P. P. Y. (1970). The Ideological Persuasion of Chiang Kai-Shek. Modern Asian Studies, 4(3), 211‑238. http://www.jstor.org/stable/311494
  21. Ma, R. (2006). Ethnic Relations in Contemporary China : Cultural Tradition and Ethnic Policies Since 1949. Policy and Society, Volume 25(Issue 1), 85‑108. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S144940350670128X
  22. Manzoor Butt, K., & Sajid, S. (2018). Chinese Economy under Mao Zedong and Deng Xiaoping. Journal of Political Studies, Vol. 25(Issue-1), 169‑178. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333816253_Chinese_Economy_under_Mao_Zedong_and_Deng_Xiaoping/link/5d0738d4299bf12e7be6cf13/download
  23. Ning, J. (2021, mai 11). Main Data of the Seventh National Population Census. National Bureau of Statitics of China. http://www.stats.gov.cn/english/PressRelease/202105/t20210510_1817185.html
  24. Refugees, U. N. H. C. for. (s. d.). Refworld | China offers cash for marriage to promote assimilation in Xinjiang. Refworld. Consulté 11 mars 2023, à l’adresse https://www.refworld.org/docid/542034fd14.html
  25. Silk Road | UNWTO. (s. d.). Consulté 7 mars 2023, à l’adresse https://www.unwto.org/silk-road
  26. Song, F., & Cho, M. S. (2017). Geography of Food Consumption Patterns between South and North China. Foods, 6(5), 34. https://doi.org/10.3390/foods6050034
  27. The « Gang of Four » and the Chinese People’s Liberation Army. (1979). Asian Survey, 19(9), 817‑837. https://doi.org/10.2307/2643806
  28. The Han Chinese (Hanzu, Han people), China Majority Ethnic Group. (s. d.). Consulté 7 mars 2023, à l’adresse https://www.chinahighlights.com/travelguide/nationality/han.htm
  29. Understanding the Geography of China. (s. d.). Asia Society. Consulté 5 mars 2023, à l’adresse https://asiasociety.org/education/understanding-geography-china
  30. United Nations Human Rights Office of the High Commissioner. (2022). OHCHR Assessment of human rights concerns in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, People’s Republic of China. https://www.ohchr.org/sites/default/files/documents/countries/2022-08-31/22-08-31-final-assesment.pdf
  31. Weiwen, Y. (s. d.). The Natural Resource Curse in Xinjiang. Consulté 28 novembre 2022, à l’adresse http://www.pp.u-tokyo.ac.jp/graspp-old/courses/2014/documents/graspp2014-5140143-2a.pdf
  32. Wu, X., & He, G. (2018). Ethnic Autonomy and Ethnic Inequality : An Empirical Assessment of Ethnic Policy in Urban China. China Review, Vol. 18(No. 2), 185‑216. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26435652
  33. Yang, R., & Wu, M. (2009). Education for ethnic minorities in China : A policy critique. SA-eDUC JOURNAL, Vol 6(N° 2), 117‑131. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/267791762_Education_for_ethnic_minorities_in_China_a_policy_critique/link/548eca250cf214269f247d7e/download
  34. Yin, W. (2015). THE NATURAL RESOURCE CURSE IN XINJIANG. Political Science Journal, 10(1‑2). http://see-articles.ceon.rs/data/pdf/1992-3147/2015/1992-31471502112Y.pdf

Most read articles by the same author(s)