International Journal of Information & Digital Security

Browse Journals

Articles

Vol. 2 No. 1 (2024): International Journal of Information & Digital Security

تنظيم المنصات الرقمية: دراسة مقارنة

  • Hicham Ismaili 
Submitted
January 11, 2025
Published
2025-01-11

Abstract

على مدار العقد الماضي، أصبحت المنصات الرقمية حاضرة وممتدة في الزمان والمكان في جميع أنحاء العالم. ونتيجة لذلك، أضحت المنصات الرقمية الصينية والأميركية إلى حد كبير تعمل على إعادة تنظيم العلاقات بين المواطنين (المستخدمين) والعالم من حولهم عبر تشكيل وتنظيم الحياة الاجتماعية السياسية والاقتصادية... وممارسة الحقوق والحريات في العالم الرقمي. مما يجعل من التنظيم والتأطير القانوني لهذه المنصات والخدمات الرقمية أولوية مركزية بالنسبة للجهات الفاعلة الحكومية بجل دول العالم. ونظرا لتنوع التوجهات التنظيمية المعتمدة حتى الآن، يحاول هذا البحث تحديد الاتجاهات التنظيمية والسمات المشتركة بينها وتصنيفها في عينات محددة، وذلك عبر القيام بدراسة مقارنة ل22 قانونا منظما للمنصات الرقمية، وتجميعهم في أربعة أصناف (النهج الصارم، النهج المستقل، النهج الذي يعزز ويحمي حقوق المستخدم، نهج توطين البيانات) بناءً على أوجه التشابه والاختلاف بينهم، عبر تحديد واستكشاف الميزات أو الخصائص الأساسية التي تتسم بها بعض التوجهات التنظيمية للمنصات الرقمية، بغية تشكيل أرضية ومنطلقاً للنقاش حول الممارسات الفضلى والقوانين الأكثر نجاعة في هذا المجال

References

  1. يمكن تعريف السيادة الرقمية على أنها توجه استراتيجي يهدف إلى إعادة تأكيد سلطة الجهات الفاعلة في الدولة على الفضاء الإلكتروني، بما في ذلك سلطتها في مجال تطوير التكنولوجيا الرقمية. وعلى هذا النحو، تتطلب السيادة الرقمية الاعتراف بحقوق الدول فيما يخص تطوير واستخدام الآليات والسياسات اللازمة لتنظيم الأنشطة السيبرانية داخل حدودها الترابية.Folashadé Soulé, ‘Digital Sovereignty in Africa: Moving beyond Local Data Ownership’, Center for International Governance Innovation, Policy Brief No. 185 — June 2024, page 1. تاريخ التصفح: 01/07/2024 https://www.cigionline.org/static/documents/PB_no.185.pdf
  2. David Medine, ‘Data Localization: A “Tax” on the Poor’, CGD Working Paper 674. Washington, DC: Center for Global Development, page 3. تاريخ التصفح 03/06/2024https://www.cgdev.org/publication/data-localization-tax-poor
  3. Internet Society, ‘Internet Impact Brief: Bangladesh: Regulation for Digital, Social Media and OTT Platforms, 2021’, 4 March 2022. تاريخ التصفحhttps://www.internetsociety.org/resources/doc/2022/internet-impact-brief-bangladesh-regulation-for-digital-social-media-and-ott-platforms-2021/#:~:text=Bangladesh's%20draft%20Regulation%20requires%20intermediaries,on%20their%20website%20or%20app. 04/06/2024
  4. Shahzeb Mahmood, ‘BANGLADESH: LEGAL AND POLICY IMPLICATIONS OF THE PROPOSED OTT, DIGITAL AND SOCIAL MEDIA REGULATIONS’, Techglobal Institute, تاريخ التصفح 04/06/2024 https://techglobalinstitute.com/research/bangladesh-ott-and-social-media-regulations/
  5. Council of Europe, ‘Octopus Cybercrime Community: Malawi’, تاريخ التصفح 06/06/2024https://www.coe.int/en/web/octopus/-/malawi Freedom House, ‘Freedom on the Net 2022: Malawi’ تاريخ التصفح 06/06/2024https://freedomhouse.org/country/malawi/freedom-net/2022
  6. Council of Europe, ‘Octopus Cybercrime Community: Mali’, تاريخ التصفح 06/06/2024https://www.coe.int/en/web/octopus//mali#:~:text=The%20new%20Law%20n%C2%B0,territory%E2%80%9D%20(article%202).
  7. Netsafe, ‘WHAT IS THE HDCA?’, 1st September 2021, تاريخ التصفح 06/06/2024https://netsafe.org.nz/what-is-the-hdca/
  8. Verengai Mabika, ‘Internet Impact Brief: Nigeria’s Protection from Internet Falsehood and Manipulation Bill 2019’, 21 February 2022, page 6. تاريخ التصفح 07/06/2024https://www.internetsociety.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/IIB-Nigeria-Social-Media-Bill.pdf
  9. Tech against Terrorism, ‘THE ONLINE REGULATION SERIES 2021: NIGERIA’, Nov 30, 2021. تاريخ التصفح 07/06/2024https://techagainstterrorism.org/news/2021/11/30/the-online-regulation-series-2021-nigeria
  10. Asia Centre and Council of Asian Liberals and Democrats, ‘Defending Freedom of Expression: Fake news laws in east and Southeast Asia’, 2020, pages 28-29. تاريخ التصفح 08/06/2024https://asiacentre.org/wp-content/uploads/Defending_Freedom_of_Expression_Fake_News_Laws_in_East_and_Southeast_Asia.pdf
  11. Human Rights Watch, ‘Singapore: Withdraw Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Bill’, October 13, 2021. تاريخ التصفح 08/06/2024 https://www.hrw.org/news/2021/10/13/singapore-withdraw-foreign-interference-countermeasures-bill
  12. The Korean Law Information Center, ‘ACT ON PROMOTION OF INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATIONS NETWORK UTILIZATION AND INFORMATION PROTECTION’, 23. September 2016 تاريخ التصفح 09/06/2024. https://law.go.kr/LSW/lsInfoP.do?lsiSeq=181842&viewCls=engLsInfoR&urlMode=engLsInfoR#EJ44:7
  13. - THE ELECTRONIC AND POSTAL COMMUNICATIONS (ONLINE CONTENT) REGULATIONS, 2020, SUBSIDIARY LEGISLATION to the Gazette of the United Republic of Tanzania No.29 Vol. 101 dated 17 th July, 2020 Printed by the Government Printer, Dodoma by Order of Government, Supplement No. 29, 17 th 7, 2020. تاريخ التصفح 01/08/2024 https://www.tcra.go.tz/uploads/documents/sw-1619088125-The%20Electronic%20and%20Postal%20Communications%20(Online%20Content)%20Regulations,%202020.pdf Conseil de l'Europe, « Octopus Cybercrime Community : Mali -Statut concernant la Convention de Budapest», تاريخ التصفح 09/06/2024https://www.coe.int/fr/web/octopus/-/mali
  14. Singapore Statutes Online, « Foreign Interference (Countermeasures) Act 2021”. تاريخ التصفح 10/06/2024https://sso.agc.gov.sg/Act/FICA2021/Uncommenced/20221013155608?DocDate=20211125
  15. Amnesty International, ‘Nigeria: NITDA Code of Practice must comply with International Human Rights Law’, June 24, 2022 Index Number: AFR 44/5818/2022. تاريخ التصفح 10/06/2024https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr44/5818/2022/en/ 19-DLA Piper, ‘DATA PROTECTION LAWS OF THE WORLD: South Korea’, 31 May 2024, Page 4. تاريخ التصفح 11/06/2024 https://www.dlapiperdataprotection.com/system/modules/za.co.heliosdesign.dla.lotw.data_protection/functions/handbook.pdf?country-1=KR 20- Article 19, ‘Tanzania: Online Content Regulations 2020 extremely problematic in the context of COVID-19 pandemic’, JANUARY 19, 2021, تاريخ التصفح 14/06/2024 https://www.article19.org/resources/tanzania-online-content-regulations-problematic-covid-19-pandemic/ 21-Esafety Commissioner, ‘Learn about the Online Safety Act’, 18/03/2024. تاريخ التصفح 16/06/2024https://www.esafety.gov.au/newsroom/whats-on/online-safety act#:~:text=What%20is%20the%20Online%20Safety,harmful%20behaviour%20and%20toxic%20content.
  16. Government of Canada, ‘Proposed Bill to address Online Harms’, 2024-04-20. تاريخ التصفح 20/06/2024https://www.canada.ca/en/canadian-heritage/services/online-harms.html
  17. European Commission, ‘A Europe fit for the digital age: new online rules for users’. تاريخ التصفح 22/06/2024https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/digital-services-act/europe-fit-digital-age-new-online-rules-users_en
  18. European Commission, ‘Europe fit for the Digital Age: New online rules for businesses’. تاريخ التصفح 22/06/2024https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/digital-services-act/europe-fit-digital-age-new-online-rules-businesses_en
  19. European Commission, ‘Europe fit for the Digital Age: new online rules for platforms’, تاريخ التصفح 22/06/2024https://commission.europa.eu/strategy-and-policy/priorities-2019-2024/europe-fit-digital-age/digital-services-act/europe-fit-digital-age-new-online-rules-platforms_en
  20. The European Commission, ‘The enforcement framework under the Digital Services Act’, تاريخ التصفح 23/06/2024 https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/dsa-enforcement#ecl-inpage-lo5rgw1q
  21. The European Commission, ‘European Board for Digital Services’, 16 July 2024. تاريخ التصفح 24/06/2024 https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/dsa-board
  22. Department of Tourism, Culture, Arts, Gaeltacht, Sport and Media, ‘Online Safety and Media Regulation Act 2022’, 5 April 2023, تاريخ التصفح 24/06/2024 https://www.gov.ie/en/publication/d8e4c-online-safety-and-media-regulation-bill/
  23. New Zealand Police, ‘Harmful Digital Communications’. تاريخ التصفح 25/06/2024 https://www.police.govt.nz/advice-services/cybercrime-and-internet/harmful-digital communicationshdc#:~:text=The%20Harmful%20Digital%20Communications%20Act,forms%20of%20abuse%20and%20intimidation.
  24. Community Law, ‘Criminal offences under the Harmful Digital Communications Act’. تاريخ التصفح 25/06/2024 https://communitylaw.org.nz/community-law-manual/chapter-34-bullying-harassment-and-sexual-harm/cyberbullying-protections-against-online-digital-harassment/criminal-offences-under-the-harmful-digital-communications-act/
  25. Government activity, ‘Cyberflashing to become a criminal offence’, 13 March 2022. تاريخ التصفح 26/06/2024https://www.gov.uk/government/news/cyberflashing-to-become-a-criminal-offence
  26. Niamh Ancell, ‘the dark side of internet trolling: cyber flashing and epilepsy trolling explained’, 08 February 2024. تاريخ التصفح 27/06/2024 https://cybernews.com/editorial/cyber-flashing-epilepsy-trolling-explained/
  27. Department for Science, Innovation & Technology, ‘Online Safety Act: explainer’, 8 May 2024. تاريخ التصفح 28/06/2024 https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/online-safety-act-explainer/online-safety-act-explainer#:~:text=The%20Online%20Safety%20Act%202023,users'%20safety%20on%20their%20platforms.
  28. Commonwealth of Australia Explanatory Memoranda, ‘ONLINE SAFETY BILL 2021’, تاريخ التصفح 28/06/2024http://classic.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/bill_em/osb2021164/memo_0.html
  29. Electronic Irish Statute Book, ‘Online Safety and Media Regulation Act 2022’, تاريخ التصفح 29/06/2024https://www.irishstatutebook.ie/eli/2022/act/41/enacted/en/print#part12
  30. EUR-Lex, ‘Regulation (EU) 2022/2065 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 19 October 2022 on a Single Market For Digital Services and amending Directive 2000/31/EC (Digital Services Act)’, تاريخ التصفح 29/06/2024 https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/?uri=CELEX%3A32022R2065
  31. Reich-Rohrwig Hainz, ‘Communication platforms face new obligations and high fines in Austria’, Lexology, March 22 2021, تاريخ التصفح 29/06/2024 https://www.lexology.com/library/detail.aspx?g=fcf46df4-4694-4f10-b11b-67564a824470
  32. Reich-Rohrwig Hainz, Supra.
  33. Ibid.
  34. Sharon Schmidt, ‘AUSTRIA: AUSTRIA'S DRAFT COMMUNICATION PLATFORM ACT – A SUMMARY’, November 26, 2020. تاريخ التصفح 29/06/2024 https://oblin.at/newsletter/austria-austrias-draft-communication-platform-act-a-summary/
  35. Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe, ‘Legal review of the draft Federal Act on Measures to Protect Users on Communications Platforms (Kommunikationsplattformen-Gesetz – KoPI-G) by the Republic of Austria’, 15 October 2020, pages- 18-19.
  36. Tomaz, Tales. 2023. “Brazilian Fake News Bill: Strong Content Moderation Accountability but Limited Hold on Platform Market Power.” Javnost - The Public 30 (2): 254–257. تاريخ التصفح 30/06/2024 https://doi.org/10.1080/13183222.2023.2201801
  37. Vijay Pal Dalmia, ‘A Brief Into The Information Technology (Guidelines For Intermediaries And Digital Media Ethics Code) Rules, 2021’, Mondaq, 29 December 2022. تاريخ التصفح 05/07/2024 https://www.mondaq.com/india/social-media/1266276/a-brief-into-the-information-technology-guidelines-for-intermediaries-and-digital-media-ethics-code-rules-2021
  38. Tech against Terrorism, ‘THE ONLINE REGULATION SERIES | POLAND’, November 16, 2021. تاريخ التصفح 07/07/2024https://techagainstterrorism.org/news/2021/11/16/the-online-regulation-series-poland
  39. One Trust Data Guidance, ‘Pakistan - Data Protection Overview’, July 2024. تاريخ التصفح 15 /07/2024https://www.dataguidance.com/notes/pakistan-data-protection-overview
  40. Digital Rights Foundation, ‘Removal and Blocking of Unlawful Online Content (Procedure, Oversight and Safeguards) Rules, 2020: Legal Analysis’, November 30, 2020, page 15. تاريخ التصفح 17/07/2024 https://digitalrightsfoundation.pk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/Removal-and-Blocking-of-Unlawful-Online-Content-Procedure-Oversight-and-Safeguards-Rules-2020_-Legal-Analysis.pdf
  41. The Gazette of Pakistan, Extra, 13 October 2021, page 1762. تاريخ التصفح 20/07/2024https://moitt.gov.pk/SiteImage/Misc/files/Removal%20Blocking%20of%20Unlawful%20Online%20Content%20Rules%202021.PDF
  42. John Tomaszewski & Jason Priebe, ‘Fortress Russia – The Russian Data Localization Law’, Syfarth, May 4, 2015. تاريخ التصفح 23/07/2024 https://www.globalprivacywatch.com/2015/05/fortress-russia-the-russian-data-localization-law/
  43. Ksenia Andreeva, Anastasia Kiseleva and Alena Neskoromyuk, Morgan Lewis, ‘Data Localization Laws: Russian Federation, Practical Law Country Q&A’, 22-Jul-2021. Pages 1-5. تاريخ التصفح 23/07/2024 https://www.morganlewis.com/-/media/files/publication/outside-publication/article/2021/data-localization-laws-russian-federation.pdf
  44. Tech against terrorism, ‘The online Regulation Series, Turkey’, October 2020. تاريخ التصفح 27/07/2024 https://techagainstterrorism.org/news/2020/10/23/the-online-regulation-series-turkey#:~:text=The%20Regulation%20of%20Publications%20on,enables%20the%20blocking%20of%20websites
  45. Ayşegül Zengin, ‘Social Media Law’, August 5, 2020. تاريخ التصفح 27/07/2024 https://aysegulzengin.av.tr/social-media-law/
  46. David Medine, ‘Data Localization: A “Tax” on the Poor’, Supra, pages 3-4. 53-David Medine, ‘Data Localization—a Hidden Tax on the Poor’, Blog Post, March 27, 2023. تاريخ التصفح 05/08/2024https://www.cgdev.org/blog/data-localization-hidden-tax-poor

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Most read articles by the same author(s)