Exploring the Rise of Populism Across Borders and Its Implications for Global Cooperation

الملخص

This paper examines the phenomenon of populism and its far-reaching implications for domestic politics and international relations. Following the aftermath of second world war, liberal democracies emerged as stable forms of government, emphasizing individual rights, consensus-building, and the rule of law. However, the rise of populism in recent decades has challenged these established norms, with populist leaders presenting themselves as champions of the people's will against perceived elites and entrenched institutions. Through an analysis of historical contexts and contemporary case studies, including the political trajectories of leaders like Marine Le Pen in France and Hugo Chavez in Venezuela, we explore the diverse manifestations of populism and its impact on democratic governance, social cohesion, and global cooperation. We delve into the complexities of populism's appeal, examining its roots in socio-economic inequalities, cultural anxieties, and disillusionment with traditional political establishments. Furthermore, we investigate the strategies employed by populist leaders to mobilize support and undermine democratic institutions, highlighting the tensions between populism and liberal democratic values such as pluralism, tolerance, and the protection of minority rights. By elucidating the multifaceted dynamics of populism and its far-reaching consequences, this paper aims to provide insights into the challenges facing contemporary societies and the imperative for inclusive, responsive governance in an increasingly interconnected world. Findings: In exploring populism across different contexts, several key findings emerge populist leaders prioritize popular interests over individual rights, impacting political discourse and institutional trust long after their terms; their rise in influential countries can disrupt global organizations like the UN and NATO; while populism can shed light on social issues, it often exhibits authoritarian tendencies. Charismatic figures like Andreas Papandreou in Greece and Hugo Chavez in Venezuela illustrate how populist rhetoric challenges established norms and shapes political landscapes. Marine Le Pen's emergence in France highlights the influence of nationalist rhetoric on multiculturalism and democracy in Europe. The intricate relationship between globalization and populism reflects economic and cultural tensions, necessitating policymakers' attention to foster inclusive societies while preserving democratic values and social cohesion.

المراجع

1. Clogg, R. (1982). The Greek elections of 1981. Electoral Studies, 1(1), 95-99. https://doi.org/10.1016/0261-3794(82)90132-9
2. Marine Le Pen denies French role in wartime roundup of Paris Jews. (2017). Retrieved from https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/apr/09/marine-le-pen-denies-french-role-wartime-roundup-paris-jews#:~:text=But%20Le%20Pen%20told%20the,It’s%20not%20France. %E2%80%9D
3. Metawe, M. (2020). Populism and domestic/international politics: Theory and practice. Department of Political Science, Faculty of Economics and Political Science, Cairo University, Giza, Egypt.
4. National Rally. (2024). Retrieved from https://www.britannica.com/topic/National-Rally-France.
5. Roberts, K. M. (2012). Populism and democracy in Venezuela under Hugo Chávez. In C. Mudde & C. R. Kaltwasser (Eds.), Populism in Europe and the Americas: Threat or Corrective for Democracy? (pp. 136-XXX). Cambridge University Press.
6. Rodrik, D. (2021). Why Does Globalization Fuel Populism? Economics, Culture, and the Rise of Right-Wing Populism. Annual Review of Economics.
7. Snyder, J. C. (1987). Papandreou and Greek participation in NATO. In Defending the Fringe: NATO, The Mediterranean, And the Persian Gulf (1st ed.). Routledge.
8. van Kessel, S., Chelotti, N., Drake, H., Roch, J., & Rodi, P. (2020). Eager to leave? Populist radical right parties’ responses to the UK’s Brexit vote. The British Journal of Politics and International Relations, 22(1), 65-84. https://doi.org/10.1177/1369148119886213